Table 1. Influence of crating density and weather conditions on broiler behaviors during transportation

Crating density	Weather¹	Standing (Min)	Sitting (Min)
10.3 birds/m²	Summer	9.13^g	20.87^a
11.5 birds/m²		7.00^d	23.00^d
12.8 birds/m²		5.60^c	24.40^e
14.1 birds/m²		4.89^b	25.11^f
15.4 birds/m²		3.75^a	26.25^g
10.3 birds/m²	Winter	9.36^g	20.64^a
11.5 birds/m²		9.01^fg	20.99^ab
12.8 birds/m²		8.50^f	21.50^b
14.1 birds/m²		7.68^e	22.32^c
15.4 birds/m²		6.75^d	23.25^d
SEM		0.037	0.037
Main effect
Crating density
10.3 birds/m²		9.24^c	20.76^a
11.5 birds/m²		8.01^bc	21.99^ab
12.8 birds/m²		7.05^abc	22.95^abc
14.1 birds/m²		6.29^ab	23.71^bc
15.4 birds/m²		5.25^a	24.75^c
SEM		0.244	0.244
Weather
Summer		6.08	23.92
Winter		8.26	21.74
SEM		0.280	0.280
P-value
Crating density		<0.001	<0.001
Weather		0.001	0.001
Crating density × Weather		<0.001	<0.001
Crating density (linear)²		<0.001	<0.001
Crating density (quadratic)²		<0.001	<0.001

Weather: Summer = high ambient temperature (27°C), Winter = low ambient temperature (−9°C).
Linear and quadratic effects of increasing crating density with the pooled data of broilers from different weather.
Values with different superscripts in the same row were significantly different (P<0.05).
SEM, standard error of the mean.