| Nutrition (energy content) | Low energy (2,750, 2,850, 2,900, and 2,900 kcal/kg) and High energy (2,950, 3,050, 3,100, and 3,100 kcal /kg) content for starter, grower I, grower II, and finisher diets, respectively | Moisture content of the litter in the LE treatment was higher than HE treatment leading to more FPD at d 36 in broilers fed the LE program compared to broilers fed the HE program | De Jong et al. (2015) |
| Nutrition (protein content) | Control (208 and 198 g/kg CP in the grower and finisher phase, respec tively) and with 1%, 2% and 3% lower diet ary CP content in each phase | Broilers fed the 2.2∼2.3% units lower CP protein feeding programs of grower and finisher diets had a better litter quality and less FPD | van Harn et al. (2019) |
| Nutrition (protein source) | Two protein sources (all vegetable or vegetable plus animal) | The incidence of FPD on 35 d and 49 d, as well as severity on 49 d were highest on treatments receiving all vegetable protein sources. | Cengiz et al. (2013) |
| Nutrition (fat content and source) | Two fat contents (55 or 110 g/kg DM) and three fat sources (mixed fat, palm oil and palm fatty acid distillate) | High fat contents or the use of palm oil or palm fatty acid distillate led to considerable fat losses via excreta but this did not go along with lower litter quality or higher FPD scores | Fuhrmann and Kamphues (2016) |
| Nutrition (electrolyte balances) | Four DEB values (200, 240, 280, 320 mEq/kg of diet) | Diets with 200 mEq/kg can be recommended for broilers between 7 and 38 days of age to reduce litter moisture without any negative influence | Arantes et al. (2013) |
| Nutrition (calcium and phosphorus) | Tr 1 = Normal calcium (Ca) and normal phosphorus (P), Tr 2 = Low Ca and low P, Tr 3 = Normal Ca and low P + normal phytase, Tr 4 = Nor mal Ca and low P + high phy tase, Tr 5 = Low Ca and low P + normal phytase, Tr 6 = Low Ca and Low P + high phytase | The highest percentage of FPD was seen when broilers fed the imbalanced (normal Ca and low P) diets. Reducing addition of Ca, P by 20∼25% is practicable if done in a balanced way | Delezie et al. (2015) |
| Nutrition (trace minerals) | Three trace minerals (Zn:Cu:Mn) levels; 0:0:0 ppm (NTM), 32:8:32 ppm (LTM), 64:16:64 ppm (HTM) | Compared to NTM, LTM reduced area under the curve (AUC) of FPD1 lesion scores during d 21∼42, HTM reduced the AUC of FPD lesion scores during d 7∼21 and d 21∼42. TM reduced FPD develop ment by promoting FPD wound healing. | Chen et al. (2017) |
| Nutrition (feed enzyme supplement) | Tr 1 = none, Tr 2 = galac tosidase, Tr 3 = xylanase, protease, amylase, Tr 4 = amylase, xylanase and glucanase, Tr 5 = endo-1,4-β-xylanase, Tr 6 = β − man nanase, Tr 7 = xylanase | The prevalence and severity of FPD was not affected by enzyme supplementation. FPD pre valence and severity were consistent with litter moisture | Cengız et al. (2012) |
| Nutrition (synbiotic supplement) | Tr 1 = none, Tr 2 = the synbiotic in-feeds throughout the growing cycle (1,000, 500, and 250 g/ton according to feeding phase), Tr 3 = prayed as gel droplets onto newly hatched chicks at the hatchery (100 g/10,000 birds) during the rearing period, Tr 4 = treated with the synbiotic both at the hatchery and in the feed. | Only the treatment which administers synbiotics through gel droplets at the hatchery combined to in-feed supplementation produced significant results in comparison with the control group; lowering FPD occurrence at slaughter (17% vs. 5%; P<0.05). | Brugaletta et al. (2020) |
| Litter (bedding materials and litter depth) | Study 1 : fresh shavings (FS), used shavings (US), peat moss Study 2 : fresh litter (2.5 cm, 7.6 cm, 12.7 cm) | Peat moss is an acceptable bedding material, with no significant effects on broiler performance and had better paws at both d 21 and 42. Increasing litter depth led to decreased moisture levels and improved paw quality. A litter depth of at least 7.6 cm should be used to accommodate moisture added throughout the flock | Shepherd et al. (2017) |
| Litter (reusing litter) | Litter type (new/used) | FPD scores for new litter significantly lower than those for reused litter (P<0.05). | Yamak et al. (2016) |
| Management (stocking densities, litter type and perches) | Tr 1 = chopped straw + 12 birds/m2, Tr 2 = chopped straw + 20 birds/m2, Tr 3 = sand +12 birds/m2, Tr 4 = sand + 20 birds/m2 | The rate of FPD was significantly higher in Tr 4 group, compared with Tr 2 group. There was no effect of stocking density and litter type on perching, but perches proved efficient in reducing the rate of FPD | Matković et al. (2019) |
| Genetic (strains and gender) | Two fast-growing broiler strains (Ross 308 and Cobb 500) and two sexes | A higher number (P<0.05) of Cobb broilers presented FPD score 1 (no lesions) both in the right and left feet compared with Ross broilers and FPD was higher in females | Martins et al. (2016) |
| Disease (systemic bacterial infections) | Gram+ coccal (Staphylococcus) infection, No Gram+ coccal infection | Birds have a 60.5% increased risk (RR=1.605) of dying from a Gram-positive coccal infection when having footpad lesions compared to having intact footpads. | Thøfner et al. (2019) |