Table 3 Summary effects of agricultural byproduct feeding on growth performance of broiler

Items1	GP2	Fixed effect model			Random effect model			Heterogeneity
		ES3	SE4	P-value	ES	SE	P-value	I2	Q	P-value
BW	1	0.44	0.04	<0.01	0.87	0.35	0.01	98.76	1,211.26	<0.01
	2	0.45	0.03	<0.01	1.60	0.27	<0.01	98.86	3,334.04	<0.01
BWG	1	0.45	0.03	<0.01	0.79	0.29	0.01	98.65	1,329.06	<0.01
	2	0.51	0.03	<0.01	0.38	0.29	0.20	98.69	1,604.62	<0.01
FI	1	0.29	0.03	<0.01	0.27	0.20	0.17	97.31	669.16	<0.01
	2	0.26	0.03	<0.01	0.54	0.25	0.03	98.57	1,885.39	<0.01
FR	1	—0.26	0.03	<0.01	—0.72	0.31	0.02	98.82	1,523.90	<0.01
	2	—0.01	0.03	0.75	0.24	0.27	0.38	98.75	2,157.55	<0.01

¹ Items: BW, body weight; BWG, body weight gain; FI, feed intake; FR, feed requirement (feed/gain).
² GP, growth phase; early phase and late phase were separated by 2 phases division with reported total and denoted as 1 and 2, respectively.
³ ES, summarized effect size based on standardized mean difference.
⁴ SE, standard error of summarized effect size.